Studies of the holoparasite Tristerix aphyllus (Loranthaceae) infecting Trichocereus chilensis (Cactaceae)

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Abstract
Many of the large columnar cacti Trichocereus chilensis near Santiago are infected by Tristerix aphyllus. This is one of the most highly reduced seed plants known: as it is an endoparasite, inflorescences are the only parts of the plant ever to emerge from the host, all the rest exists as an endophytic haustorial system; roots, vegetative stems, and leaves are not produced. After infection, the parasite spreads through the thick cortex of the host, reaching the vascular cambium and conducting tissues. It continues to grow intrusively throughout all tissues of the host shoot. In its invasive stage it occurs as a "myceliumlike" mass of uniseriate filaments that grow between host cells but only rarely enter them. Later growth is by longitudinal cell division that produces irregular parenchymatous strands. Eventually, xylem and phloem differentiate in the endophytic strands; the phloem is like that of other seed plants, but the xylem is almost pure parenchyma, with only occasional, idioblastic tracheary elements. Strands close to the epidermis of the host are able to produce adventitious flower buds that emerge through either soft regions in the epidermis (the areoles) or through accidental breaks in it. The flower stalk may persist, forming a small perennial inflorescence that has well-developed xylem, phloem, and periderm but is without leaves. Host cells appear healthy and normal, with no sign of damage caused by the presence of the parasite.

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