Adenosine 5′‐triphosphate promotes mineralization in differentiating chick limb‐bud mesenchymal cell cultures

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Abstract
When chick limb-bud mesenchymal cells are plated in micromass culture, they differentiate to form a mineralizable cartilage matrix. Previous studies have demonstrated that, when the total inorganic phosphate concentration of the medium is adjusted to 3–4 mM by adding inorganic phosphate to the basal medium, the mineralized matrix formed resembles that of chick calcified cartilage in ovo. When the high-energy phosphates adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) or creatine phosphate are used as supplements in place of inorganic phosphate, the mineralized matrix as analyzed by electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared microscopy is also similar to that in ovo. This is in marked contrast to the mineralized matrix formed in the presence of 2.5–5 mM β-glycerophosphate, where mineral deposition is random and mineral crystal sizes in general are larger. This is also in contrast to the known ability of ATP to inhibit mineral deposition in solution in the absence of cells. In the differentiating mesenchymal cell culture system, ATP does not alter the rate of cell proliferation (DNA content), the rate of matrix synthesis (3H-leucine uptake), the mean crystallite length, or the rate of mineral deposition (45Ca uptake) when contrasted with cultures supplemented with inorganic phosphate. However, ATP does increase the mineral to matrix ratio, especially around the edge of the culture, where a type I collagen matrix is present. It is suggested that ATP promotes mineral deposition by providing a high-energy phosphate source, which may be used to phosphorylate extracellular matrix proteins and to regulate calcium flux through cell membranes.