Establishment, Maintenance, and Integration Mechanisms of Endosymbionts in Protozoa1

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Abstract
Important progress has been made in recent years towards better understanding of the establishment and maintenance of endosymbiosis in protozoa and of the eventual integrative mechanisms involved. Still, many problems remain to be investigated more thoroughly. In this paper, while treating and reviewing the subject broadly, particular and more detailed attention is given to three selected systems: endonuclear symbiosis by Holospora bacteria in Paramecium; algal (Chlorella) relationships with the “green”Paramecium (P. bursaria) as host; and the rod‐shaped bacteria found in the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus. Data concerning the physiology of food vacuoles, membrane transport, photobehavior, recognition specificity, enzyme activity, and the like are presented and reviewed and discussed in light of the growing literature on the overall subject of “endocytobiology.” Emphasized is the complicated network of interactions between symbiotic partners and the importance of the development of integrative mechanisms in the evolution of the many intimate associations known at the cellular level today.

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