Natural genetic transformation of Pseudomonas stutzeri by sand-adsorbed DNA

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Abstract
In a soil/sediment model system we have shown recently that a gram-positive bacterium with natural competence (Bacillus subtilis) can take up transforming DNA adsorbed to sand minerals. Here we examined whether also a naturally transformable soil bacterium of the gramnegative pseudomonad (Pseudomonas stutzeri) can be transformed by mineral-associated DNA. for these studies the transformation protocol of this species was further improved and characterized. The peak of competence during growth of P. stutzeri was determined to occur at the beginning of the stationary phase. The competence state was conserved during shock freezing and thawing of cells in 10% glycerol. Kinetic experiments showed that transformant formation after addition of DNA to competent cells proceeded for more than 2 h with DNA adsorption to cells being the rate limiting step. By means of the defined protocol P. stutzeri was shown to be transformed by sand-adsorbed DNA. Transformation by adsorbed or dissolved DNA occurred between 16° and 44°C. Efficiency and DNaseI-sensitivity of transformation by DNA adsorbed to sand or in liquid were comparable. It is concluded that uptake of particle-bound DNA by P. stutzeri in soil is possible. This finding adds evidence to the view that transformation occurs in natural environments where DNA is assumed to be significantly associated with mineral/particulate material and thereby is protected against enzymatic degradation.