Laparoscopically Controlled and Assisted Percutaneous Transperitoneal Nephrolithotomy in a Pelvic Dystopic Kidney*

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Abstract
Two renal pelvic stones were removed percutaneously from a pelvic dystopic kidney using a transabdominal, transperitoneal approach. The puncture was made antegrade and controlled partly fluoroscopically and partly laparoscopically. Where the kidney was covered by bowels, these were displaced with forceps inserted through another laparoscopic trocar. The dilation and stone removal were performed traditionally. As the kidney was just behind the uterus, the authors considered extracorporeal lithotripsy contraindicated in this case, so the only minimally invasive resolution was percutaneous nephrolithotomy, which could be performed only with the aid of laparoscopy.