Oxidation of liquid gallium surface: Nonequilibrium growth kinetics in 2+1 dimensions

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Abstract
The formation process of a thin oxide film on liquid Ga is studied in situ using scanning ion microprobe imaging analysis. Oxide clusters form spontaneously on the liquid surface exposed to oxygen at room temperature. Small clusters diffuse and aggregate to form large clusters, and the process eventually leads to the formation of a thin porous oxide film. The fractal dimension of the oxide clusters is ∼1.4. The total number of clusters in the system decays exponentially with time, while the average cluster size increases exponentially with time. These results are compared with Monte Carlo simulations based on different models of particle–particle and cluster–cluster aggregation.

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