Long-Term Intermittent Exposure to Sulfuric Acid Aerosol, Ozone, and Their Combination: Alterations in Tracheobronchial Mucociliary Clearance and Epithelial Secretory Cells

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Abstract
Understanding the effects from long-term exposure to individual ambient air pollutants and mixtures of pollutants is necessary for adequate assessment of health risk. This study examined quantitative and temporal alterations in tracheobronchial mucociliary clearance function and bronchial epithelial secretory cells in rabbits exposed to sulfuric acid (125 γg/m3), ozone (0.1 ppm), and their combination for 2 h/d, 5 d/wk for up to 1 yr; some animals were allowed a 6-month post-exposure period. Clearance times were altered during exposure to sulfuric acid or to the mixture, and became progressively slower following the end of exposures to each of the pollutant atmospheres. There was no indication of any interaction in terms of clearance response between the acid and ozone in the group exposed to the mixture. Histological examination of intrapulmonary conducting airways was performed after 4, 8, or 12 months of exposure, and after the postexposure period. Sulfuric acid resulted in an increase in the number of secretory cells in small airways by 12 months of exposure. Ozone and the mixture resulted in an increase in secretory cell number by 4 months, but the response became attenuated with continued exposure. There was evidence for synergistic interaction between ozone and acid at 4 months, and antagonistic interaction at subsequent times. No inflammation or other biologically significant histological effects were found in any of the animals.