Surface Backscattering Strengths Measured with Explosive Sound Sources

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Abstract
The scattering strength of the sea surface was measured for a range of wind velocities, grazing angles, and frequencies, in octave bands in the frequency range from 400 to 6400 cps. An empirical equation was obtained relating the scattering strength of the sea surface to the above variables, for grazing angles below 40°. At low grazing angles, scattering of sound from a subsurface layer of isotropic scatterers, probably of biological origin, frequently masked the reverberation due to scattering from surface roughness. For a given wind speed, the scattering strengths measured in this study at grazing angles below 20° were appreciably less than those obtained by other observers at higher frequencies. At higher grazing angles, of the order of 40°, there was little systematic difference between the measurements made at high and low frequencies.

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