The microvesicle as a vehicle for EMMPRIN in tumor–stromal interactions

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Abstract
EMMPRIN is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed at high levels by tumor cells. It has been identified as a tumor-derived factor that can stimulate matrix metalloproteinase expression in fibroblasts and hence facilitate tumor invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that full-length EMMPRIN is released by tumor cells, but the mechanism of release remains unclear. Here, we show that EMMPRIN is released from the surface of NCI-H460 cells via microvesicle shedding. However, these vesicles are unstable and rapidly break down to release bioactive EMMPRIN. Although microvesicle shedding has been considered a constitutive process in tumor cells, our data show that it can be amplified upon cell exposure to PMA, elucidating at least one signalling cascade responsible for EMMPRIN release. This pathway is dependent on protein kinase C, calcium mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK 1/2). Thus, the results outline a novel form of tumor–stromal interaction in which extracellular matrix degradation by fibroblasts is controlled through the microvesicular release of EMMPRIN from tumor cells.

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