Microhardness and anisotropy of the vital osseous interface and endosseous implant supporting bone

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Abstract
Limited information is available on the mechanical properties of the rapidly remodeling bone that surrounds endosseous implants. Fifteen implant-bone blocks were obtained from the mid-femoral diaphyses of three mature male hounds 12 weeks after placement of the implants. To evaluate the microhardness and cortical anisotropy of bone, the implants were sectioned along their long axes. In this process, the femurs were sectioned transversely. Knoop microhardness measurements (HK) were made with a 50 g force on cortical bone and a 25 g force on periosteal callus, endocortical callus, and circumferential lamellar bone. The long diagonal of the indenter was placed parallel to the implant (in the radial bone direction). Measurements were made in cortical bone at 200, 400, 600, 800, 1,000. 1,500. 2,000. and 2,500 μm from both sides of the implant. To detect cortical anisotropy in the radial compared with the tangential direction, a second set of indentations was made perpendicular to the first. Microhardness of periosteal callus and endocortical callus and anisotropy of circumferential lamellar bone near the endocortical surfaces of the femur were also evaluated. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significantly (p < 0.05) lower microhardness values (30.6 ± 0.8 HK [mean ± SEM]) for cortical bone at 200 μm than at any other location (range: 40.3–46.6 HK). Microhardness anisotropy was not detected in cortical bone. Furthermore, within 200 μm of the implant surface, the Knoop microhardness values were significantly lower for periosteal and endocortical calluses than for cortical bone. These data provide information about the mechanical properties of bone adjacent to endosseous implants at a microstructural level. The results are consistent with the high rate of remodeling seen adjacent to endosseous implants at 12 weeks after implantation.