Microstructural refinement of duplex stainless steels

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Abstract
The experimental results of an investigation of a chemical (alloying) and a physical (deformation) method for refining the microstructure of duplex stainless steels are described. The chemical technique involves alloying with copper. When 3 wt-%Cu is added to a 30Cr–8Ni steel, it was found that the copper precipitation (which is more rapid than that of austenite) takes place with a multitwinned morphology. The subsequent ferrite–austenite transformation nucleated on the finely dispersed copper particles results in a fine, homogeneously distributed, twinned austenite morphology. Copper particles also helped the refinement of the austenite by pinning the interphase interfaces. Another way of refining the microstructure is through cold deformation. As quenched fully ferritic steel with 30%Cr and 8%Ni was cold rolled by various amounts and aged at temperatures below 1000°C. On aging, partial recovery preceded the austenite transformation and nucleation occurred mainly on subgrain boundaries, thus resulting in a refined microstructure. MST/1221

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