Methods of improving adherence

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Abstract
The present paper considers some of the factors which determine the susceptibility of an oxide–metal system to scale spallation and methods by which this can be modified in practice. Although much of the discussion relates to such systems in general, particular emphasis is placed on high temperature alloys which develop Cr2O3, Al2O3, and/or SiO2 scales, together with their base metals such as iron and nickel. Considerable reference is made to the reactive element effect because this has been studied extensively in terms of scale adhesion processes and can be used to illustrate methods of improving scale spallation resistance. Other systems, such as oxide scales on tantalum or niobium and spinel oxides on Fe–Cr alloys, are not discussed specifically, but similar criteria are likely to be relevant. MST/852