Rapid, polymerase chain reaction-based identification assays for Candida species

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Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific regions in the genomes of a variety of lower eukaryotes permits rapid identification of these microorganisms. First, on the basis of the presence of both constant and variable regions in the small subunit (ssu) rRNA, a nested PCR for direct identification of various Candida species can be designed. Amplification of the entire ssu rRNA gene and subsequent reamplification of variable sequences within the V4 domains of these PCR products were combined with direct sequencing. Restriction enzyme maps were made, and species-specific oligonucleotides for hybridization analysis were selected. Unequivocal discrimination of four of the major human pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei) is possible if a combination of these techniques is used. Second, by using oligonucleotides aimed at repeated sequences which occur at dispersed positions in the genomes of all eukaryotes, species-specific DNA fingerprints could be generated. This interrepeat PCR using genomic DNA as template proved to be an effective tool in Candida species typing. Both techniques described here can be extrapolated to the high-speed diagnostics of numerous other prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens.