Heterogeneous phase-transfer catalysts: high efficacy of catalysts bonded by a long chain to a polymer matrix

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Abstract
Heterogeneous phase-transfer catalysts, such as phosphonium salts and crown-ethers, immobilized on a polystyrene matrix, show an increase in activity approaching that of the corresponding non-immobilized catalysts, when they are bonded with a long spacer chain to the polymeric support.