Electron microscopic study of the development of amphioxus, Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense: The gastrula

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Abstract
The gastrulae of amphioxus were investigated by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) during 7 arbitrary stages that were seen about 4 to 10 hr after fertilization. Throughout gastrulation, SEM revealed subtle differences in cells of the blastoporal lip. In fractured specimens at early and middle stages, two opposing zones different in shape, size, and connection of the component cells were found: one which consists of columnar smaller cells in close contact in animal region and the other which is composed of round or polygonal larger cells in looser association in vegetal region. The polar body was found unexpectedly on the concave vegetal surface of the early gastrula in about 25% of cases. This might be the result of migration of the polar body. A short cilium that later elongated was recognized on each cell at mid-gastrula stage. The cilia on the dorsal surface (the neural ectoderm) of the final-stage gastrula became shorter than those on the epidermal ectoderm. TEM of thin sections demonstrated that the cytoplasmic components of gastrula cells are essentially the same as those of cleavage cells. But, the homogeneous nucleus seen during cleavage changed into a heterogeneous structure in which a nucleolus and dense particles were seen. Until the late stage, regional characteristics of the gastrulae indicating definitively the anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral polarity were not detected in the present SEM and TEM study.