Spectroscopic imaging of arteries and atherosclerotic plaques

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Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging using a focal plane array detector has been used to study atherosclerotic arteries with a spatial resolution of 3–4 μm, i.e., at a level that is comparable with cellular dimensions. Such high spatial resolution is made possible using a micro‐attenuated total reflection (ATR) germanium objective with a high refractive index and therefore high numerical aperture. This micro‐ATR approach has enabled small structures within the vessel wall to be imaged for the first time by FTIR. Structures observed include the elastic lamellae of the tunica media and a heterogeneous distribution of small clusters of cholesterol esters within an atherosclerotic lesion, which may correspond to foam cells. A macro‐ATR imaging method was also applied, which involves the use of a diamond macro‐ATR accessory. This study of atherosclerosis is presented as an illustrative example of the wider potential of these ATR imaging approaches for cardiovascular medicine and biomedical applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004