Fragmentation of biliary stones with a 308 nm excimer laser

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Abstract
The use of a XeCl excimer laser (308 nm) for biliary stone frag mentation is reported. Laser energy is delivered via UV grade fused silica fibers to the target stones immersed in normal saline solution. Sixty biliary calculi—pigment (n=40), and cholesterol (n=20)—were fragmented in vitro. The total energy delivered per unit mass of the stone is kept constant. Two energy fluences (80 and 110 mJ/mm2) at two repetition rates (5 and 20 Hz) delivered through fibers of two core sizes (300 and 600 μm) are utilized to study the effect of different laser parameters on the fragmentation process. Although both pigment and cholesterol stones are susceptible to excimer laser fragmentation, higher fragmentation efficiency is obtained for the pigment stones than for the cholesterol stones. Our study suggests that higher energy fluence and larger fiber core size result in higher fragmentation efficiency for pigment stones. Fragmentation thresholds at stone surface for a variety of biliary calculi of known composition were measured. The threshold energy fluence is approximately 3 mJ/mm2 and 17 mJ/mm2 for pigment and cholesterol stones, respectively. Our study indicates that the 308 nm excimer laser may be effective as a laser lithotriptor with low threshold and good efficiency for biliary stone fragmentation.