Andreev resonances in the current-voltage characteristics of a normal-metal–superconductor junction

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Abstract
We calculate the current-voltage characteristic of a normal-metal–superconductor (NS) junction having a one-, two-, or three-dimensional electron emitter. An additional tunneling barrier is also placed in the junction, allowing the formation of quasibound Andreev energy levels. The resulting conductance resonances are strongest for a normal-metal–insulator–normal-metal–superconductor (NINS) junction, and are identical to the Rowell-McMillan oscillations in the three-dimensional case. Andreev resonances in the conductance of a NS junction generally become stronger when the electronic motion is confined to one dimension.