The Illusion of Structure: A Critique of the Classical Model of Organization and the Discretionary Power of Correctional Officers

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Abstract
This article provides a substantive critique of the classical model of organization used by most prisons. The classical model is viewed as inconsistent with both the inherent discretionary power of correctional officers and the operational realities of prison work. Furthermore, the author argues that the classical model fails to guide correctional officers in the exercise of their discretionary power. A conceptual basis for understanding individual discretionary power is developed using Muir's typology (1977) of police work styles (i.e., professionals, enforcers, reciprocators, and avoiders). Behavioral descriptors of these work styles are compared for police and correctional officers. A plausible theoretical basis for generalizing from Muir's typology of police work styles to correctional officers is provided. The philosophical and theoretical foundations for the exercise of bounded discretionary power by governmental officials is presented with a general model of discretionary behavior. Several inferences are drawn for the future of prison administration.