Preparation of donor–acceptor type organic dyes bearing various electron-withdrawing groups for dye-sensitized solar cell application

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Abstract
Novel donor–π-spacer–acceptor type organic dyes bearing various electron-withdrawing groups on their acceptor part were synthesized by Knoevenagel condensation with acetic acid silyl ester derivatives. Dye-sensitized solar cells with the new dyes present solar light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of 2.51–4.05%.