An evaluation of the potential triggers of photoinactivation of photosystem II in the context of a Stern–Volmer model for downregulation and the reversible radical pair equilibrium model

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Abstract
Photoinactivation of photosystem II (PS II) is a light–dependent process that frequently leads to breakdown and replacement of the D1 polypeptide. Photoinhibition occurs when the rate of photoinactivation is greater than the rate at which D1 is replaced and results in a decrease in the maximum efficiency of PS II photochemistry. Down regulation, which increases non–radiative decay within PS II, also decreases the maximum efficiency of PS II photochemistry and plays an important role in protecting against photoinhibition by reducing the yield of photoinactivation. The yield of photoinactivation has been shown to be relatively insensitive to photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD). Formation of the P680 radical (P680+), through charge separation at PS II, generation of triplet–state P680 (3P680*), through intersystem crossing and charge recombination, and double reduction of the primary stable electron acceptor of PS II (the plastoquinone, QA) are all potentially critical steps in the triggering of photoinactivation. In this paper, these processes are assessed using fluorescence data from attached leaves of higher plant species, in the context of a Stern–Volmer model for downregulation and the reversible radical pair equilibrium model. It is shown that the yield of P680+ is very sensitive to PPFD and that downregulation has very little effect on its production. Consequently, it is unlikely to be the trigger for photoinactivation. The yields of 3P680* generated through charge recombination or intersystem crossing are both less sensitive to PPFD than the yield of P680+ and are both decreased by downregulation. The yield of doubly reduced QA increases with incident photon flux density at low levels, but is relatively insensitive at moderate to high levels, and is greatly decreased by downregulation. Consequently, 3P680* and doubly reduced QA are both viable as triggers of photoinactivation.