Coexposure to benzo[a]pyrene and UVA induces DNA damage: First proof of double‐strand breaks in a cell‐free system

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Abstract
DNA damage induced by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays an important role in the induction of skin cancer. Although UVA constitutes the majority of solar UV radiation, it is less damaging to DNA than UVB. The DNA damage produced by UVA radiation, however, can be augmented in the presence of a photosensitizer. We previously used benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), an environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, as an exogenous photosensitizer, and demonstrated that combined exposure to BaP and UVA resulted in DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO‐K1) cells. In this study, we investigated whether coexposure to BaP and UVA induces DSBs in a cell‐free system and whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in the generation of the DSBs. DSBs were induced by the coexposure both in the cell‐free system (in vitro) and in CHO‐K1 cells (in vivo), but not by treatment with BaP or UVA alone. DSB induction in vitro required higher doses of UVA and BaP than were required in vivo, suggesting that the mechanism of DSB induction differed. A similar difference in efficiency also was observed in the formation of 8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐oxodG) by coexposure to BaP and UVA in vitro and in vivo. A singlet oxygen (1O2) scavenger (NaN3) effectively inhibited the production of DSBs and 8‐oxodG, suggesting that 1O2 is a principal ROS generated by BaP and UVA both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, repair‐deficient xrs‐5 cells were more sensitive to coexposure with BaP and UVA than were CHO‐K1 cells, but the two cell lines were equally sensitive to the combined treatment in the presence of NaN3. This result suggested that the cell death produced by coexposure to BaP and UVA was at least partly due to the DSBs generated by 1O2. Our findings indicate that coexposure to BaP and UVA effectively induced DNA damage, especially DSBs, which results in phototoxicity and possibly photocarcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006.