Aggravation of endotoxin-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation and cytokine activation in heterozygous protein-C–deficient mice

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Abstract
In the pathogenesis of sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), dysfunctional anticoagulant pathways are important. The function of the protein C system in DIC is impaired because of low levels of protein C and down-regulation of thrombomodulin. The administration of (activated) protein C results in an improved outcome in experimental and clinical studies of DIC. It is unknown whether congenital deficiencies in the protein C system are associated with more severe DIC. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a heterozygous deficiency of protein C on experimental DIC in mice. Mice with single-allele targeted disruption of the protein C gene (PC+/–) mice and wild-type littermates (PC+/+) were injected with Escherichia coli endotoxin (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. PC+/–mice had more severe DIC, as evidenced by a greater decrease in fibrinogen level and a larger drop in platelet count. Histologic examination showed more fibrin deposition in lungs, kidneys, and liver in mice with a heterozygous deficiency of protein C. Interestingly, PC+/– mice had significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, indicating an interaction between the protein C system and the inflammatory response. Survival was lower at 12 and 24 hours after endotoxin in the PC+/– mice. These results confirm the important role of the protein C system in the coagulative-inflammatory response on endotoxemia and may suggest that congenital deficiencies in the protein C system are associated with more severe DIC and adverse outcome in sepsis.