Beyond the Pair-Potential Model of Fluids at the Liquid-Vapor Critical Point

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Abstract
Evidence is presented that many-body interactions in fluids have important consequences at the liquid-vapor critical point. In particular, three-body interactions in lattice-gas models are shown to lead to revised scaling variables and to a singularity in the coexistence-curve diameter with an amplitude proportional to the molecular polarizability. This is confirmed in experiments reported here. A companion van der Waals theory explains several other observed correlations between nonuniversal critical amplitudes.