Management of Heart Failure

Abstract
Objective. —This article reviews the role of counseling, education, dietary modifications, and exercise for patients with heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Data Sources. —We reviewed studies published in English between 1966 and 1993 and referenced in MEDLINE or EMBASE. We used the search termsheart failure, congestive; congestive heart failure; heart failure; cardiac failure; anddilated cardiomyopathyin conjunction with terms for the specific areas of interest. Where data were lacking, we relied on opinions of panel members and peer reviewers. Study Selection and Data Synthesis. —Studies were reviewed to determine whether patients had heart failure due to systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction, JAMA. 1994;272:1442-1446)

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