Rectangular artificial roughness in open channels

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Abstract
Numerous experiments on artificial roughness in closed channels have been made in Europe and the United States since about 1920: In Europe, SHILLER [see 12 of “References” at end of paper] experimented with pipes roughened with spiral threads cut into the inner surface; HOPF [6]. and FROMM [5] investigated roughness in a rectangular closed conduit; NIKURADSE [8] investigated relative roughness over a wide range by gluing sand to the inside of pipes; and SCHLICHTING [10] experimented with a closed conduit roughened with various arrangements of spheres, spherical segments, cones, short and long angles, and sand. A brief discussion of the results of the work of SHILLER, HOPF, FROMM, and NIKURADSE may be found in the paper by STREETER [15]. The more recent investigation of SCHLICHTING has been translated into English by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and published as a Technical Memorandum [11].

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