Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 (CAO) Up-regulates VEGF and TGFα Concomitant with Hyperlasia, with Subsequent Up-regulation of p16 and MMP9

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Abstract
EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an oncoprotein frequently expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. We have generated transgenic mice expressing the nasopharyngeal carcinoma–derived CAO strain of LMP1 and LMP1 of the B95-8 strain, using the viral ED-L2 promoter for epithelial expression. LMP1CAO and LMP1B95-8 induce transforming growth factor α expression and epidermal hyperplasia. However, levels of total epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) decline with the appearance of phosphorylated EGFR products, suggesting that the negative feedback loop upon EGFR expression is intact or that there is faster turnover at these early stages of carcinogenesis. In the L2LMP1CAO mice, increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are also seen at an early stage in the skin. As the phenotype worsens, with increasing hyperplasia and vascularization leading to keratoacanthoma, p16INK4a and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression is induced. The lesions can progress spontaneously to carcinoma. Carcinoma cell lines developed from these mice show high levels of total and phosphorylated EGFR. These data show that the induction of signaling through EGFR by LMP1 is an early event in carcinogenesis and that any inhibition upon EGFR expression is lifted during progression. Furthermore, expression of LMP1 is not sufficient to inhibit induction of p16INK4a in response to abnormal proliferation. These data are consistent with the cooperative effects seen between LMP1 and loss of the INK4a locus in transgenic mice and with the frequency of loss of this locus in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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