Talpinella and Orbitoides; 18 million years of close relationship between two foraminiferal genera

Abstract
The species T. cunicularia, originally described from its late Campanian host species O. media, is also common within the test of O. douvillei from the early Campanian and of O. apiculata and O. gensacicus from the late Maastrichtian. Talpinella has not been found in co-occurring Lepidorbitoides. T. cunicularia apparently lived in close association with the genus Orbitoides over a period of 13-18 million yr. This relation should be considered symbiotic or parasitic, rather than hermitic.

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