The biology and life history of currant clearwing,Synanthedon tipuliformis(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), in Canterbury

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Abstract
Details of the life cycle and biology of currant clearwing, Synanthedon tipuliformis (Clerck), in Canterbury, New Zealand, are discussed. The adults live for about 7 days, and are found from mid November to early January. The sex ratio approximates 1:1. Adults are active only when the air temperature exceeds 15°c, and peak flight activity is observed on cloudy days at 20-23°c. Males are attracted to females between 1400 h and 1600 h, and mating lasts for over 2 h. Fecundity averaged about 100 eggs per female, and fertility exceeded 98%. Egg incubation required an average of 19 days in the field; the thermal constant is 91 day degrees. The mean number of eggs per blackcurrant cane varied in different years from 2.68 to 13.54; there was no significant difference between blackcurrant varieties in the same year. Larvae entered the cane through openings or axillary buds and then fed on the pith until late April or May. Quiescence occurred during winter, and feeding resumed in late August or September. Larvae tunnelled 15.20 ± 0.74 cm of pith. It is suggested that there are six larval instars. Mean numbers of larvae per cane varied in the early stage from 1.91 to 7.36, and at the post-winter stage from 1.23 to 3.10. Pupation occurred in mid October, and the pupal stage lasted for up to 6 weeks; the thermal constant is 216 day degrees. Mortality factors discussed include establishment failure, parasites, pathogens, predators, larval combat, winter pruning, loss of pupae at cane breaks, and pupal eclosion failure. The first record of the fungus Cordyceps sp. attacking currant clearwing is reported.