Origin of difference betweenu¯ andd¯ partons in the nucleon

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Abstract
Using the Euclidean path-integral formulation for the hadronic tensor, we show that the large difference between u¯ and d¯ does not come from the disconnected quark-loop insertion. Rather, it can come from the connected (quark line) insertion involving quarks propagating backwards in time. We study the influence of the backward time propagator in the axial-vector and scalar matrix elements in lattice gauge calculations and give an estimate of the violation of the Gottfried sum rule.
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