Alteration of Epithelial Structure and Function Associated with PtdIns(4,5)P2 Degradation by a Bacterial Phosphatase

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Abstract
Elucidation of the role of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in epithelial function has been hampered by the inability to selectively manipulate the cellular content of this phosphoinositide. Here we report that SigD, a phosphatase derived from Salmonella, can effectively hydrolyze PtdIns(4,5)P2, generating PtdIns(5)P. When expressed by microinjecting cDNA into epithelial cells forming confluent monolayers, wild-type SigD induced striking morphological and functional changes that were not mimicked by a phosphatase-deficient SigD mutant (C462S). Depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in intact SigD-injected cells was verified by detachment from the membrane of the pleckstrin homology domain of phospholipase Cδ, used as a probe for the phosphoinositide by conjugation to green fluorescent protein. Single-cell measurements of cytosolic pH indicated that the Na+/H+ exchange activity of epithelia was markedly inhibited by depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P2. Similarly, anion permeability, measured using two different halide-sensitive probes, was depressed in cells expressing SigD. Depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 was associated with marked alterations in the actin cytoskeleton and its association with the plasma membrane. The junctional complexes surrounding the injected cells gradually opened and the PtdIns(4,5)P2-depleted cells eventually detached from the monolayer, which underwent rapid restitution. Similar observations were made in intestinal and renal epithelial cultures. In addition to its effects on phosphoinositides, SigD has been shown to convert inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (IP5) into inositol 1,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate (IP4), and the latter has been postulated to mediate the diarrhea caused by Salmonella. However, the effects of SigD on epithelial cells were not mimicked by microinjection of IP4. In contrast, the cytoskeletal and ion transport effects were replicated by hydrolyzing PtdIns(4,5)P2 with a membrane-targeted 5-phosphatase or by occluding the inositide using high-avidity tandem PH domain constructs. We therefore suggest that opening of the tight junctions and inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange caused by PtdIns(4,5)P2 hydrolysis combine to account, at least in part, for the fluid loss observed during Salmonella-induced diarrhea.