A Study Of Minor Organic Deviations In ‘Functional’ Disorders Of Articulation: 3. The Tongue

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Abstract
15 males and 15 females with superior consonant articulation, and 15 males and 15 females with inferior consonant articulation were studied for the rate of movement of oral structures: the lips, the tongue, the teeth and hard palate, and hearing. This paper reports maximum length of the protrusion of the tongue, length of tip of the tongue, maximum amount of tongue force and percentage of error in duplicating tongue position. The only significant sex differences were found in maximum tongue force; the differences between ability groups were small and generally not statistically significant, although there was some indication that the size and shapes of tongues of inferior males may deserve further study.