Cx31 is assembled and trafficked to cell surface by ER-Golgi pathway and degraded by proteasomal or lysosomal pathways

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Abstract
Gap junctions, consisting of connexins, allow the exchange of small molecules (<1 kD) between adjacent cells, thus providing a mechanism for synchronizing the responses of groups of cells to environmental stimuli. Connexin 31 is a member of the connexin family. Mutations on connexin 31 are associated with erythrokeratodermia variabilis, hearing impairment and peripheral neuropathy. However, the pathological mechanism for connexin 31 mutants in these diseases are still unknown. In this study, we analyzed the assembly, trafficking and metabolism of connexin 31 in HeLa cells stably expressing connexin 31. Calcein transfer assay showed that calcein transfer was inhibited when cells were treated with Brefeldin A or cytochalasin D, but not when treated with nocodazole or α-glycyrrhetinic acid, suggesting that Golgi apparatus and actin filaments, but not microtubules, are crucial to the trafficking and assembly of connexin 31, as well as the formation of gap junction intercellular communication by connexin 31. Additionally, α-glycyrrhetinic acid did not effectively inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication formed by connexin 31. Pulse-chase assay revealed that connexin 31 had a half-life of about 6 h. Moreover, Western blotting and fluorescent staining demonstrated that in HeLa cells stably expressing connexin 31, the amount of connexin 31 was significantly increased after these cells were treated with proteasomal or lysosomal inhibitors. These findings indicate that connexin 31 was rapidly renewed, and possibly degraded by both proteasomal and lysosomal pathways.