Glu-320 and Asp-323 Are Determinants of the CYP4A1 Hydroxylation Regiospecificity and Resistance to Inactivation by 1-Aminobenzotriazole

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Abstract
Little information is available on the active site structure of the CYP4A family of enzymes or the mechanism by which their omega-hydroxylation regiospecificity is enforced. We report here that the E320A, D323E, and E320/D323E mutations decrease the catalytic rate of CYP4A1 approximately 5-fold and cause up to a 10-fold shift from omega- to (omega-1)-hydroxylation. The decreased catalytic rate is due to an increase in the uncoupled reduction of molecular oxygen. Tighter binding of 1- and 4-substituted imidazoles to the double mutant than to the other proteins suggests that its active site is less constrained. The reaction of these proteins with phenyldiazene causes heme degradation without the detectable formation of a phenyl-iron complex. CYP4A1 and its E320A mutant are not inactivated by 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT), but the D323E and E320A/D323E mutants are inactivated. The resistance of purified CYP4A1 to inactivation by 1-ABT is surprising in view of the fact that 1-ABT causes the loss of the omega-hydroxylase activity both in microsomal preparations and in vivo. Collectively, the results establish that Glu-320, and particularly Asp-323, help to define the active site dimensions, the degree of coupled versus uncoupled versus uncoupled turnover, the omega-versus (omega-1)-hydroxylation regiospecificity, and the susceptibility to inactivation by mechanism-based inhibitors. Furthermore, they provide experimental evidence for a structural analogy between the CYP4A1 and P450BM-3 active sites.