Use of a simple method for sampling cuticular hydrocarbons from live social wasps

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Abstract
The classical methods of cuticular hydrocarbon extraction in insects involve the use of solvents and therefore the killing of specimens. We describe here a simple and inexpensive method that allows for the sampling of cuticular hydrocarbons from live social insects in the field. We compare the results of our method with those of the classical solvent extraction method, as well as those of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), and show that the method is both reliable and suitable for use in the natural environment. We describe for the first time the cuticular compounds of the social wasp Polistes nimphus.