Embryonic growth and trophotaenial development in goodeid fishes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes)

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Abstract
Embryonic growth and trophotaenial development are examined in two species of goodeid fish, Ameca splendens and Goodea atripinnis. During gestation of A. splendens, embryonic dry mass may increase from 0.21 mg at the onset of development to 31.70 mg at term. In G. atripinnis, embryonic dry mass ranges from 0.25 mg at the onset of development to 3.15 mg at term. Increase in mass is primarily due to the uptake of maternally derived nutrients by trophotaeniae, externalized embryonic gut derivatives. Trophotaenial development in both species is divisible into five phases. During the first phase, the anus is formed. The second phase involves dilation of the anus, enlargement of the perianal lips, differentiation of the hindgut absorptive epithelium, and formation of the trophotaenial peduncle. The third phase is characterized by a further marked hypertrophy and lateral expansion of the perianal lips that results in the formation of short trophotaenial processes. During the fourth phase, there is continued outward expansion of the inner mucosal surface of the trophotaenial peduncle that results in its eversion and lobulation. Placental function is established by this phase. Axial elongation and dichotomous branching of trophotaenial processes occurs during the fifth phase. Development of rosette and ribbon trophotaeniae differ in the degree of axial elongation during the fifth and final phase.