EVOLUTION AND RELATIONSHIPS OF NORTH AMERICAN PEDICULARIS RUSTS AND THEIR HOSTS

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Abstract
The nearctic rusts of Pedicularis are not closely related to Puccinia lapponica and P. pedicularis of Europe. P. rufescens of the southern Cordillera consists of 2 newly recognized varieties: var. rufescens on Ped. canadensis, centranthera and semibarbata; and var. densiflorae on Ped. densiflora. P. helicalis is confined to Ped. capitata in the arctic and subarctic. P. clintonii is newly divided into 7 morphologically distinct varieties: var. clintonii on Ped. canadensis and fluviatilis; var. racemosae on Ped. racemosa ssp. racemosa; var. albae on Ped. racemosa ssp. alba; var. bracteosae on Ped. bracteosa and paysoniana; var. ornithorhynchae on Ped. ornithorhyncha; var. groenlandicae on Ped. groenlandica; and var. sylvaticae on Ped. sylvatica in Scotland. Lack of resting spores makes definite assignment of rusts on Ped. palustris in Ireland and Ped. resupinata in Japan impossible. The ramification of P. clintonii and P. rufescens across temperate North American hosts and failure to attack the largely holarctic northern species suggest that many temperate North American species of Pedicularis are derived from a single Asiatic immigrant.

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