All digital phase-locked loop: concepts, design and applications

Abstract
The concepts of an all digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), which contains a purely digital phase detector, loop filter and voltage-controlled oscillator, are explained. A second order DPLL is considered and analysed using the Z-transform technique. Implementation of the DPLL, based on the CMOS digital signal processor TMS 320C25, and the experimental results, are presented. Potential applications are also discussed.

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