Low consumption of virus-sized particles by heterotrophic nanoflagellates in two lakes of the French Massif Central

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Abstract
Seasonal and depth-related variability in the grazing activity of heterotrophic nano- flagellates (HNF) on viruses was examined in the oligo-mesotrophic Lake Pavin and in the eutrophic Lake Aydat, French Massif Central, between May and November 2000. Ingestion rates (IR) were determined using 50 nm diameter fluorescent microspheres, as virus analogues. In both lakes, high- est grazing activities on virus-sized particles were recorded in the metalimnion, at the beginning and the end of the thermal stratification period. Estimated IRs in Lake Pavin (mean = 0.4 viruses HNF -1 h -1 , CV = 38.0%) and in Lake Aydat (mean = 0.3 viruses HNF -1 h -1 , CV = 35.6%) were not signifi- cantly different, in contrast to clearance rates (CR), which were significantly higher in the oligome- sotrophic (2.3 × 10 -2 nl HNF -1 h -1 ) than in the eutrophic lake (0.7 × 10 -2 nl HNF -1 h -1 ). CRs for viruses were correlated with CRs for bacteria in Lake Aydat but not in Lake Pavin, suggesting a greater abundance within the HNF assemblages of virus-sized particle feeders in the less productive lake. We estimated that 4.1 and 0.8% of viral production were grazed by HNF in Lake Pavin and Lake Aydat, respectively. Finally, although viruses seem to represent a minor food source for HNF (i.e. compared to bacteria), they may not be inconsequential in their diet, especially in oligotrophic lakes.

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