The Origin of Vacuoles

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Abstract
The development of vacuoles had been observed in the cytoplasm of Allium after treatment with chromates or dichromates in plasmolysing concentrations, with innocuous plasmolytes or narcotics in sufficient concentration, or with any plasmolysing agent following the action of trivalent cations in dilute solution. Similar behavior under normal conditions has been demonstrated in Spirogyra gametes and in Vampyrella, the vacuoles being contractile and excretory. In addition it is now observed (1) that the vacuoles produced under the action of a strong plasmolysing agent are also contractile and (2) that they originate from peculiar bodies already present in the cytoplasm which behave like the myelin forms of lecithin. In giving rise to the vacuoles these bodies round off and take in water. Evidence is put forth for regarding the limiting film as not altogether dependent upon the life of the cell for som; of its most characteristic behaviors.

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