Preoperative Fasting: Old Habits Die Hard

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Abstract
Prolonged preoperative fasting is a time-honored tradition. The typical order of “npo after midnight” (or no liquid or food after 12 am on the day of surgery) has been challenged in recent years—so much so that in 1999 the American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) revised its practice guidelines for preoperative fasting in healthy patients undergoing elective procedures. The newer, more liberal recommendations, based on studies showing that pulmonary aspiration occurs only rarely as a complication of modern anesthesia, allow the consumption of clear liquids up to two hours before elective surgery, a light breakfast (tea and toast, for example) six hours before the procedure, and a heavier meal eight hours beforehand. There is a well-known lag between the dissemination and implementation of practice guidelines, so the authors sought to determine whether the publication of the revised ASA recommendations had changed preoperative fasting practices. They interviewed 155 patients in one hospital about their preoperative fasting, comparing instructed, actual, and ASA-recommended fasting durations for liquids and solids. Their findings demonstrate that the majority of patients continued to receive instructions of npo after midnight for both liquids and solids, whether they were scheduled for early or late surgery. On average, the patients fasted from liquids and solids for 12 and 14 hours, respectively, with some patients fasting as long as 20 hours from liquids and 37 hours from solids. These fasts were significantly longer than those recommended by the ASA, indicating that inappropriate preoperative fasting is an issue that demands attention. The authors conclude that more collaboration between nurses and physicians is needed to assure that fasting instructions are consistent with the ASA guidelines and that patients understand these directives.