Advances in Physical Modeling for Wind Engineering

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Abstract
Physical modeling to quantify wind effects for either wind‐engineering design or research requires simultaneous similarity for two distinct physical phenomena. The initial consideration is similarity of the desired natural wind characteristics. When this requirement is satisfied, similarity of specific wind effects must then be considered. Advancements in both aspects of simulation since about 1974 are summarized following a brief review of the foundations of physical modeling and wind‐modeling facilities. Advancements in physical modeling of the following natural wind features are described: (1) Elevated inversions; (2) wind‐water interactions; (3) mountain‐valley winds; and (4) large‐scale atmospheric turbulence. Extensions in the capability to simulate and measure the following wind effects are presented: (1) Diffusion in convective boundary layers; (2) heat transfer by heated jet in wind; and (3) fluctuating wind loads on buildings and structures. Advancements in physical modeling during the last deca...