Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in renal transplant recipients: new insights

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Abstract
Long‐term survival of renal transplant recipients appears to be influenced by the occurrence of thromboembolic complications and cardiovascular disease. In order to investigate the prevalence of new hemostasis‐related risk factors for venous and arterial thrombosis, we investigated 63 renal transplant recipients and 66 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects. We assayed antiphospholipid antibodies [lupus anticoagulant (LA) and anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL)], lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), and total homocysteine (tHcy) levels. We found a significantly higher prevalence of positivity for LA (P < 0.001); no difference was detected in the prevalence of aCL between patients and controls. PAI‐1 levels were significantly higher in renal transplant recipients than in controls [12.3 IU/ml (2‐45.5) vs 7.9 IU/ml (4‐18.0); P < 0.0001] with an odd ratio (OR) of 11.8 (4.9‐28.5) in univariate analysis and of 5.8 (2.1‐15.4) in multivariate analysis. Lp(a) levels were higher in patients then in controls [159 mg/l (1‐992) vs 100.5 mg/l (10‐412); P < 0.005] with an OR of 5.9 (1.9‐18.4) in univariate analysis and of 3.5 (0.9‐13.4) in multivariate analysis. Fasting levels of tHcy were significantly higher in renal transplant recipients [7.0 μmol/l (4.0‐68) vs 8.1 μmol/l (2.0‐24.0); P < 0.00001] with an OR of 40.4 (14.7‐111) in univariate analysis and of 33.1 (11.1‐115.5) in multivariate analysis. After methionine loading test, we documented levels of tHcy above the 90th percentile of controls in 60/63 patients (95 %). Finally, we found a significant correlation between tHcy and PAI‐1 plasma levels (r = 0.76; P < 0.000001). Our results show a high prevalence of hemostasis‐related risk factors for arterial and venous thrombosis in renal transplant recipients, suggesting the need for the investigation of these patients for the presence of these risk factors in order to improve their long‐term survival and to tailor therapy.