Two Sibling Species of the Botrytis cinerea Complex, transposa and vacuma, Are Found in Sympatry on Numerous Host Plants

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Abstract
Strains of Botrytis cinerea (the anamorph of Botryotinia fuckeliana) were collected from 21 different plant species around vineyards in the Champagne region (France). Strains were analyzed using three new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers that were found by SWAPP (sequencing with arbitrary primer pairs), in addition to 15 other markers (PCR-RFLP, transposable elements, and resistance to fungicides). The markers revealed a high degree of genetic diversity and were used to investigate population structure. The two sympatric species transposa and vacuma, previously identified on grapes in these vineyards, were also detected on many of the plant species sampled. A new type of strain was also detected, having only the transposable element Boty. We did not detect any differentiation between strains from different organs or locations, but the prevalences of transposa and vacuma were significantly different on the different host plants. Fungicide resistance frequencies were significantly different in transposa and vacuma species. This study confirms that B. cinerea is a complex of sibling species and shows that the sibling species occur sympatrically on many host plants. However, the two species seemed to have different pathogenic behaviors. These findings contradict the traditional view of B. cinerea as a clonal population without specialization.