Vascular and General Anatomy of the Rootstocks of Three Stemless Viola Species

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Abstract
The primary vascular system of the rootstock of Viola rotundifolia, V. odorata and V. cucullata consists of an open system of three sympodia, corresponding to three orthostichies (parastichies) of leaves in the 1 /3 phyllotaxy. Between the major, collateral bundles there are vascular strands consisting of only primary phloem. The vascular supply to axillary buds developing in the first season of growth is the same in flowering and vegetative buds and there is a homology between the bracts on the peduncles of axillary flowers and the prophylls of the axillary vegetative branches. The overwintering portions of the rootstocks are somewhat woody. The uneven development of secondary xylem corresponds to the locations of the sympodia. Secondary xylem closes a leaf gap of a median trace only slowly, but any gap in the phloic system is closed quickly by secondary growth.

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