The role of antlers in the behaviour of red deer

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Abstract
The behaviour of red deer stags following antler casting, antler breakage, antler amputation and antler stunting was studied to establish the ways in which antlers normally function. It was found that after the loss of antlers, either naturally or artificially, individuals became less effective in competition with other stags, resulting in loss of social rank in the bachelor group and failure to secure hinds in the rut.The observations indicate that antlers normally function as a weapon and guard in conflict between stags and allow animals to lock their heads together for fighting. Of equal importance is the visual effect of the antlers denoting status of the individual, allowing for domination without physical force. While the stags are living in the bachelor herds the antlers appear to be the principal status symbol. During the rutting season, additional display symbols and characteristics come into use, and it is the significance of these in intimidation which allows stags without antlers (hummels) to be successful in the rut. There is slight evidence to support the idea that the antlers function in attracting hinds.