Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers
- 1 April 1984
- journal article
- Published by Academy of Management in Academy of Management Review
- Vol. 9 (2) , 193-206
- https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
Abstract
Theorists in various fields have discussed characteristics of top managers. This paper attempts to synthesize these previously fragmented literatures around a more general “upper echelons perspective.” The theory states that organizational outcomes—strategic choices and performance levels—are partially predicted by managerial background characteristics. Propositions and methodological suggestions are included.Keywords
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