PRIMARY CORTICAL CENTERS FOR MOVEMENTS OF UPPER AND LOWER LIMBS IN MAN

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Abstract
It has been generally accepted for many years that in man, as in the apes, the cortical centers for primary movements of the toes, ankle, knee, hip, abdominal and thoracic muscles and the corresponding axial musculature are situated in the precentral gyrus on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere. The center for the toes is usually assigned to a place at the superior margin of the hemisphere, extending somewhat over onto the mesial surface of the brain, while centers for other parts of the lower extremity and trunk are represented as occurring in the order named from above downward on the lateral convexity of the cerebrum1(fig. 1A). My own observations, however, made while stimulating the human brain at the operative table, suggest that in man the so-called motor cortex has "migrated" to a higher position on the lateral convexity of the hemisphere than it occupies in