Hepatotoxicity Induced by the Oriental Hornet (Vespa orientalis) Venom Sac Extract

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Abstract
Experiments were performed to investigate the nature of the in vitro and human liver damage exposed to hornets' acute or repeated stings. The hornet investigated is the one ubiquitous in Israel - Vespa orientalis. Experiments were performed in living cats and rats, after single or multiple exposures to venom-sac extracts (VSE) and in various doses. The injury was demonstrated by the increased levels of enzymes, bile acids and cholesterol in serum. Also measured was Beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase (BNAH) which probably is the only biochemical indicator available of Kupffer-cell function. This, too, was found increased. Other experiments consisted of perfusion of the isolated, intact, rat liver in situ with measurements of enzyme leakage into perfusate and of bile flow. Another set of experiments involved the effects of VSE on in vitro monolayer tissue culture of rat embryos' livers. We examined damage to organelles and compared the damage produced by intact VSE with that produced by the venom sac extract after treatment by heat or dialysis. Light morphology, special stains, electron microscopy and morphometry were all performed. In the first set of experiments no shock was observed in cats and rats exposed to VSE. The increases in enzymes' activity in serum and liver perfusion fluid were significant. Histochemistry indicated decrease of hepatic glycogen and of cellular succinic dehydrogenase as well as hepatic fat infiltration and an increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in liver cells close to the bile capillaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)