The Relationship between Sex Steroids and Sex-Hormone-Binding Globulin in Plasma in Physiological and Pathological Conditions

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Abstract
Physiological and many pathological changes in plasma sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels have been attributed to the opposing effects of androgens which lower, and oestrogens which elevate, levels. We examined four clinical situations in which changes in SHBG levels may not be explained by sex steroid alterations. (1) Dexamethasone caused an increase in SHBG levels in hyperandrogenaemic hirsute women whether or not androgens were suppressed. (2) In male patients with untreated isolated gonadotrophin deficiency there was a highly significant correlation between SHBG levels and age, but there was no relationship between the levels of SHBG and those of plasma testosterone, androstenedione or DHEAS. (3) Two 46-XY siblings, phenotypic female subjects with complete androgen insensitivity, demonstrated a marked decline in SHBG levels between the ages of 9–13 and 12–16 years. (4) SHBG was suppressed in obese oligomenorrhoeic women while plasma concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and oestradiol were normal and that of oestrone was elevated; however, the testosterone: SHBG ratio, an index of free testosterone, was elevated. These observations indicate that the decline in SHBG levels which normally occurs in men during the second decade of life is independent of androgen activity and is under the influence of as yet unidentified factors. Glucocorticoids in small doses increase SHBG levels independently of sex steroid alterations while elevated free testosterone concentration may contribute to suppression of SHBG in obesity.